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Korean Passives & Causatives / 한국어의 피동과 사동

Knowledge/Grammar

by Teacher Joy 2022. 10. 28. 20:38

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Korean Passives and Causatives

 

Passives

In a passive-voice sentence, make the object of the sentence the subject and don't worry too much about who did the action. For instance, let's take the sentence: "He did his homework." In the passive voice, this would become "His homework was done." Alternatively, let's try "The mother lugged the child." In the passive, it changes to "The child was hugged by the mother."

Korean verbs are changed to the passive-voice by adding 이, 히, 리, or 기 to the verb stem. Which syllable you add usually depends on the letter the verb ends with; however, there are many exceptions to this rule and you simply have to memorize most of the words.

Plus, note that you can't form a passive-voice sentence with verbs that don't describe an action because the passive-voice is used to talk about actions!

 

Verbs ending in vowels or ㅎ normally have 이 added.

  • 보다 (to see) > 보이다 (to be showing/seen)
  • 쌓다 (to pile) > 쌓이다 (to be piled up)
  • 놓다 (to put) > 놓이다 (to be put)
  • 바꾸다 (to changed) > 바뀌다 (to be changed)

 

Verbs ending in ㅂ, ㄷ or ㄱ take 히.

  • 잡다 (to catch) > 잡히다 (to be caught)
  • 읽다 (to read) > 읽히다 (to be read)
  • 먹다 (to eat) > 먹히다 (to be eaten)
  • 닫다 (to close) > 닫히다 (to be closed)

 

Verbs ending in ㄹ almost always take 리.

  • 걸다 (to hang) > 걸리다 (to be hung)
  • 열다 (to open) > 열리다 (to be opened)
  • 듣다 (to listen) > 들리다 (to be heared)
  • 밀다 (to push) > 밀리다 (to be pushed)

 

Verbs ending in ㄴ, ㅁ, ㅅ or ㅊ take 기.

  • 안다 (to hug) > 안기다 (to be hugged)
  • 끊다 (to stop) > 끊기다 (to be stopped)
  • 쫓다 (to chase) > 쫓기다 (to be chased)
  • 담다 (to put something in) > 담기다 (to be put in)

 

Tips! 
A passive form derived with those suffixes conveys a meaning of possibility in many cases. The meaning of possibility becomes more evident when the passive verbs are modified by adverb '잘' or '안'.

  • 저 건물이 잘 보여?
    Can you see the building?
  • 이 사과는 껍질이 잘 깎이네요.
    This apple's skin peels off easily.
  • 오늘따라 책이 잘 읽혀요.
    I have an appetite for reading today.
    Books are appealing to me today.

  • 이 손톱깎이로는 손톱이 잘 안 깎여.
    This nail clipper is not working well for cutting my nails

 

놓다
to put
놓이다
to be put
닫다
to shut
닫히다
to be shut
걸다
to hang
걸리다
to be hung
끊다
to cut (off)
끊기다
to be cut (off)
바꾸다
to change
바뀌다
to be changed
읽다
to read
읽히다
to be read
듣다
to listen
들리다
to be heard
안다
to embrace/hug
안기다
to be embraced/hugged
보다
to see
보이다
to be seen
막다
to block
막히다
to be blocked
열다
to open
열리다
to be opened
쫓다
to pursue
쫓기다
to be pursued
쓰다
to use/write
쓰이다
to be used/written
잡다
to grab
잡히다
to be grabbed
팔다
to sell
팔리다
to be sold
찢다
to tear up
찢기다
to be torn
잠그다
to lock
잠기다
to be locked
먹다
to eat
먹히다
to be eaten
밀다
to push
밀리다
to be pushed/jostled
씻다
to wash
씻기다
to be washed
쌓다
to pile
쌓이다
to be piled up
꽂다
to stick
꽂히다
to be stuck
풀다
to untie; release
풀리다
to be untied
담다
to put in
담기다
to be put in
모으다
to gather; collect
모이다
to be gathered; collected
밟다
to step on
밟히다
to be stepped
부르다
to call
불리다
to be called
감다
to wind / to close eyes
감기다
to be wound / for eyes to be closed
깎다
to peel / to carve
깍이다
to be peeled / to be trimmed
찍다
to stamp/dip
찍히다
to be stamped
달다
to hang/attach
달리다
to be hooked/attached
   
    뽑다
to pull/pick
뽑히다
to be pulled/picked
       

 

 

Worksheet | Passive Verb Practice (1)

Korean Passives & Causatives / 한국어의 피동과 사동 Korean Grammatical Terms / 한국어 문법 용어 Term Korean Term Meaning Noun 명사 A word that names an object, person or place Action verb (=verb) 동사 A word that tell you what someone o

daldalkorean.com

 

Worksheet | Passive Verb Practice (2)

Korean Passives & Causatives / 한국어의 피동과 사동 Korean Passives and Causatives Passives In a passive-voice sentence, make the object of the sentence the subject and don't worry too much about who did the action. For instance, let's take the se

daldalkorean.com

 

Worksheet | Passive Verb Practice (3) | 피동 접미사 '-리-'

Korean Passives & Causatives / 한국어의 피동과 사동 Korean Passives and Causatives Passives In a passive-voice sentence, make the object of the sentence the subject and don't worry too much about who did the action. For instance, let's take the se

daldalkorean.com

 

Worksheet | Passive Verb Practice (4) | 피동 접미사 '-기-'

Korean Passives & Causatives / 한국어의 피동과 사동 Korean Passives and Causatives Passives In a passive-voice sentence, make the object of the sentence the subject and don't worry too much about who did the action. For instance, let's take the se

daldalkorean.com

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When an active verb ends in 하다, you can change it to passive simply by changing 하다 to 되다, 받다, and 당하다.

 

-되다 -받다 당하다
사용(을) 하다
to use
사용(이) 되다
to be used
칭찬(을) 하다
to praise; compliment
칭찬(을) 받다
to win praise
배신(을) 하다
to betray
배신(을) 당하다
to be betrayed
준비(를) 하다
to prepare
준비(가) 되다
to be prepared; ready
인정(을) 하다
to accept; admit
인정(을) 받다
to be recognized
무시(를) 하다
to ignore
무시(를) 당하다
to be ignored
시작(을) 하다
to start
시작(이) 되다
to be started
주목(을) 하다
to pay attention
주목(을) 받다
to get attention
해고(를) 하다
to fire
해고(를) 당하다
to be fired
해결(을) 하다
to resolve
해결(이) 되다
to be resolved
존경(을) 하다
to respect
존경(을) 받다
to be looked up to
실직(을) 하다
to lose job
실직(을) 당하다
to lose job
건설(을) 하다
to build
건설(이) 되다
to be built
비난(을) 하다
to blame
비난(을) 받다
to be criticized
공격(을) 하다
to attack
공격(을) 당하다
to be attacked
실시(를) 하다
to execute
실시(가) 되다
to be executed
처벌(을) 하다
to punish
처벌(을) 받다
to be punished
거절(을) 하다
to reject
거절(을) 당하다
to be rejected
구성(을) 하다
to form; organize
구성(이) 되다
to be organized
사랑(을) 하다
to love
사랑(을) 받다
to be loved
금지(를) 하다
to ban; prohibit
금지(를) 당하다
to be banned
포함(을) 하다
to include
포함(이) 되다
to be included
교육(을) 하다
to educate
교육(을) 받다
to be educated
이용(을) 하다
to use (service)
이용(을) 당하다
to be taken advantageously
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Causatives

In the passive voice, "The child was dressed by the mother."; in the causative voice, "The mother dressed the child. Korean uses almost exactly the same particles for this as it does for passives. They are 이, 히, 리 and 기. For causatives you also sometimes need 우 and 추.

 

이 follows verbs ending in vowels,  ㄱ and ㅎ.

  • 보다 (to see) > 보이다 (to show)
  • 먹다 (to eat) > 먹이다 (to feed)
  • 끓다 (to be boiling) > 끓이다 (to boil something)
  • 죽다 (to die) > 죽이다 (to kill)

 

히 follows ㅂ.

  • 입다 (to wear) > 입히다 (to clothe or to cover)
  • 눕다 (to lie down) > 눕히다 (to lay something/someone down)

 

리 follows ㄹ.

  • 알다 (to know) > 알리다 (to let someone be known)
  • 살다 (to live) > 살리다 (to save someone's life)
  • 울다 (to cry) > 울리다 (to make someone cry)

 

기 follows ㅅ and ㅁ.

  • 숨다 (to hide oneself) > 숨기다 (to hide something)
  • 남다 (to remain) > 남기다 (to leave)
  • 웃다 (to smile) > 웃기다 (to make someone smile or laugh)
  • 벗다 (to take off someone's clothes) > 벗기다 (to take off someone's clothes)

 

우 isn't actually 우, but rather 이우. It follows verbs ending in vowel.

  • 타다 (to ride/to burn) > 태우다 (to give a ride/to burn something)
  • 자다 (to sleep) > 재우다 (to put to sleep)
  • 서다 (to stand) > 세우다 (to park)
  • 깨다 (to wake up) > 깨우다 (to wake up someone)

 

추 follows ㅈ.

  • 낮다 (to be low) > 낮추다 (to lower)
  • 늦다 (to be late) > 늦추다 (to delay)
  • 맞다 (to be right) > 맞추다 (to fit, to make right)

 

Here are a few common exceptions:

  • 읽다 (to read) > 읽히다 (to be read)
  • 앉다 (to sit) > 앉히다 (to make someone sit)
  • 맡다 (to assume, to be in charge) > 맡기다 (to entrust)

 

Certain other causatives are based on the verb 나다.  When changed to causative form, this becomes 내다.

  • 나다 (to happen) > 내다 (to make/pay)
  • 끝나다 (to be finished) > 끝내다 (to finish)
  • 힘나다 (to gain strength) > 힘내다 (to strengthen oneself)
  • 그 일이 벌써 끝났어요. 
    The work is already finished. (passive)
  • 그 일을 벌써 끝냈어요.
    I've already finished the work.(causative)

 

먹다
to eat
먹이다
to feed; make eat
읽다
to read
읽히다
to make read
알다
to know
알리다
to inform; make known
죽다
to die
죽이다
to kill
앉다
to sit
앉히다
to seat(a person)
살다
to live
살리다
to let live
보다
to see
보이다
to show
눕다
to lie down
눕히다
to put(someone) to bed
울다
to cry
울리다
to make cry
속다
to be deceived
속이다
to deceive
입다
to wear
입히다
to dress; make wear
듣다
to listen
들리다
to make heard
녹다
to melt
녹이다
to (cause to) melt
익다
to become ripe; to ripen; to be cooked
익히다
to make ripe; to cook
걷다
to walk
걸리다
to make walk
끓다
to boil
끓이다
to (cause to) boil
맞다
to be hit; to be correct
맞히다
to hit; to guess correctly
놀다
to play
놀리다
to let play; to make fun of (someone)
붙다
to stick to; be affized to
붙이다
to stick (something) to; to affix (something)
넓다
to be wide
넓히다
to widen
돌다
to turn
돌리다
to turn(something)
높다
to be high
높이다
to raise up, to elevate
좁다
to be narrow
좁히다
to make it narrow, to narrow
마르다
to get dry
말리다
to dry, to make dry
    굽다
to be bent
굽히다
to bend
날다
to fly
날리다
to make (something) fly
        오르다
to rise, to ascend
올리다
to raise, to lift

 

웃다
to laugh
웃기다
to make laugh
깨다
to wake up
깨우다
to wake (someone) up
늦다
to be late
늦추다
to postpone; to delay
맡다
to undertake
맡기다
to entrust
자다
to sleep
재우다
to cause to sleep
낮다
to be low
낮추다
to lower
벗다
to take off
벗기다
to cause to take off
타다
1)to ride, 2)to burn (itself)
태우다
1)to give a ride, 2)to burn (something)
   
씻다
to wash
씻기다
to have a person wash
서다
to stand; to stop
세우다
to make stand (up); to make stop
   
굶다
to starve
굶기다
to let a person go hungry
쓰다
to put on; to wear
씌우다
to cover a thing wito; to put on
   
감다
to wash (one's) hair
감기다
to wash (someone's) hair
크다
to be big
키우다
to raise, to make something big
   
남다
to remain; to be left (behind)
남기다
to leave (behind)
       
신다
to put on (shose, socks...)
신기다
to make someone put on (shose, socks...)
       

 

 

Worksheet | Causative Verb Practice (1) | 사동 접미사 '-이-'

Korean Passives & Causatives / 한국어의 피동과 사동 Korean Passives and Causatives Passives In a passive-voice sentence, make the object of the sentence the subject and don't worry too much about who did the action. For instance, let's take the se

daldalkorean.com

 

Worksheet | Causative Verb Practice (2) | 사동접미사 '-히-'

Korean Passives & Causatives / 한국어의 피동과 사동 Korean Passives and Causatives Passives In a passive-voice sentence, make the object of the sentence the subject and don't worry too much about who did the action. For instance, let's take the se

daldalkorean.com

 

Worksheet | Causative Verb Practice (3) | 사동 접미사 '-리-'

Korean Passives & Causatives / 한국어의 피동과 사동 Korean Passives and Causatives Passives In a passive-voice sentence, make the object of the sentence the subject and don't worry too much about who did the action. For instance, let's take the se

daldalkorean.com

 

Worksheet | Causative Verb Practice (4) | 사동접미사 '-기-'

Korean Passives & Causatives / 한국어의 피동과 사동 Korean Passives and Causatives Passives In a passive-voice sentence, make the object of the sentence the subject and don't worry too much about who did the action. For instance, let's take the se

daldalkorean.com

 

Worksheet | Causative Verb Practice (5) | 사동접미사 '-우-' & '-추-'

Korean Passives & Causatives / 한국어의 피동과 사동 Korean Passives and Causatives Passives In a passive-voice sentence, make the object of the sentence the subject and don't worry too much about who did the action. For instance, let's take the se

daldalkorean.com

 


 

<참고>
Laura Kingdon(2015), Essential Korean Grammar, Tuttle, 33-36.
Min & Ahn(2021), Korean Grammar in Use, Darakwon, 158-160.
박미경, 김지연, 권제은(2019), 외국인을 위한 한국어 문장 쓰기의 모든 것(중급): 문장 바로 잡기, 78-79.
유영영 (2018), 한국어 피동사의 상적 의미와 특성 연구, 인문언어, 20:2, 153-170
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